Force-protection missions include defending air bases and other facilities. Air-interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets and targets of opportunity.
Close air support roles include supporting ground troops, escorting convoys, and urban operations. The sole operator is the United States Air Force, which uses the AC-130U Spooky and AC-130W Stinger II variants for close air support, air interdiction, and force protection, with the upgraded AC-130J Ghostrider entering service. Developed during the Vietnam War as "Project Gunship II", the AC-130 replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky, or "Gunship I". The airframe is manufactured by Lockheed Martin, while Boeing is responsible for the conversion into a gunship and for aircraft support. Because its large profile and low operating altitudes around 7,000 feet (2,100 m) make it an easy target, its close air support missions are usually flown at night. Unlike other modern military fixed-wing aircraft, the AC-130 relies on visual targeting. It carries a wide array of ground-attack weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire-control systems. The Lockheed AC-130 gunship is a heavily armed, long-endurance, ground-attack variant of the C-130 Hercules transport, fixed-wing aircraft.
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